1.0 2016-09-30 22:18:53 UTC 2020-06-04 20:59:41 UTC BMDB0000043 BMDB00043 Betaine Betaine, also known as Bet or acidin pepsin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Betaine exists as a solid, possibly soluble (in water), and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa) molecule. Betaine exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Betaine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions, within cattle. In particular, Betaine can be biosynthesized from betaine aldehyde; which is catalyzed by the enzyme Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase. In addition, Betaine and homocysteine can be converted into dimethylglycine and L-methionine; which is catalyzed by the enzyme betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1. In cattle, betaine is involved in the metabolic pathway called the betaine metabolism pathway. (Trimethylammoniumyl)acetate 1-Carboxy-N,N,N-trimethylmethanaminium inner salt 2-N,N,N-Trimethylammonio acetate Abromine Acidol Bet N,N,N-Trimethylammonioacetate N,N,N-Trimethylglycine Trimethylaminoacetate Trimethylammonioacetate Trimethylglycine Trimethylglycocoll Glycine betaine Cystadane (Trimethylammoniumyl)acetic acid 2-N,N,N-Trimethylammonio acetic acid N,N,N-Trimethylammonioacetic acid Trimethylaminoacetic acid Trimethylammonioacetic acid (Carboxymethyl)trimethylammonium hydroxide inner salt (Trimethylammonio)acetate 1-Carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-methanaminium 1-Carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-methanaminium hydroxide a-Earleine alpha-Earleine Aminocoat Betafin Betafin BCR Betafin BP Ektasolve ee FinnStim Glycocoll betaine Glycylbetaine Greenstim Loramine amb 13 Loramine amb-13 Lycine Oxyneurine Rubrine C Trimethylbetaine glycine Acidin pepsin Beaufour brand OF betaine citrate Byk brand OF betaine phosphate Fournier brand OF betaine ascorbate and hydrate Hydrochloride, betaine Logeais brand OF betaine cyclobutyrate Novobetaine Betaine hydrochloride Betaine orphan brand Boizot brand OF betaine aspartate C.B.B. Citrate de bétaïne upsa Scorbo-bétaïne Stea-16 Stea16 Acidin-pepsin Citrate de bétaïne beaufour Orphan brand OF betaine Scorbo bétaïne AcidinPepsin Betaine, glycine Hepastyl Scorbobétaïne UPSA brand OF betaine citrate Stea 16 Betaine C5H11NO2 117.1463 117.078978601 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)acetate (trimethylammonio)acetate 107-43-7 C[N+](C)(C)CC([O-])=O InChI=1S/C5H11NO2/c1-6(2,3)4-5(7)8/h4H2,1-3H3 KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Organic compounds Organic acids and derivatives Carboxylic acids and derivatives Amino acids, peptides, and analogues Alpha amino acids Amines Carbonyl compounds Carboxylic acid salts Carboxylic acids Hydrocarbon derivatives Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives Organic oxides Organic salts Organopnictogen compounds Tetraalkylammonium salts Aliphatic acyclic compound Alpha-amino acid Amine Carbonyl group Carboxylic acid Carboxylic acid salt Hydrocarbon derivative Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives Organic nitrogen compound Organic oxide Organic oxygen compound Organic salt Organonitrogen compound Organooxygen compound Organopnictogen compound Quaternary ammonium salt Tetraalkylammonium salt Aliphatic acyclic compounds a methylated methyl acceptor amino-acid betaine glycine derivative Solid melting_point 293 - 301 °C water_solubility 611.0 mg/mL at 19 °C logp -2.70 ALOGPS logs -1.96 ALOGPS logp -4.5 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 2.26 ChemAxon iupac 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)acetate ChemAxon average_mass 117.1463 ChemAxon mono_mass 117.078978601 ChemAxon smiles C[N+](C)(C)CC([O-])=O ChemAxon formula C5H11NO2 ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C5H11NO2/c1-6(2,3)4-5(7)8/h4H2,1-3H3 ChemAxon inchikey KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 40.13 ChemAxon refractivity 52.82 ChemAxon polarizability 12.11 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 2 ChemAxon acceptor_count 2 ChemAxon donor_count 0 ChemAxon physiological_charge 0 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon number_of_rings 0 ChemAxon bioavailability 1 ChemAxon rule_of_five Yes ChemAxon ghose_filter Yes ChemAxon veber_rule Yes ChemAxon mddr_like_rule Yes ChemAxon Betaine Metabolism SMP0087182 Glycine and Serine Metabolism SMP0087245 Methionine Metabolism SMP0087249 Specdb::CMs 2555 Specdb::EiMs 1579 Specdb::NmrTwoD 940 Specdb::NmrTwoD 1107 Specdb::NmrOneD 1049 Specdb::NmrOneD 1128 Specdb::NmrOneD 322152 Specdb::NmrOneD 322153 Specdb::NmrOneD 322154 Specdb::NmrOneD 322155 Specdb::NmrOneD 322156 Specdb::NmrOneD 322157 Specdb::NmrOneD 322158 Specdb::NmrOneD 322159 Specdb::NmrOneD 322160 Specdb::NmrOneD 322161 Specdb::NmrOneD 322162 Specdb::NmrOneD 322163 Specdb::NmrOneD 322164 Specdb::NmrOneD 322165 Specdb::NmrOneD 322166 Specdb::NmrOneD 322167 Specdb::NmrOneD 322168 Specdb::NmrOneD 322169 Specdb::NmrOneD 322170 Specdb::NmrOneD 322171 Specdb::MsMs 72 Specdb::MsMs 73 Specdb::MsMs 74 Specdb::MsMs 2641 Specdb::MsMs 2642 Specdb::MsMs 2643 Specdb::MsMs 2644 Specdb::MsMs 2645 Specdb::MsMs 2646 Specdb::MsMs 2647 Specdb::MsMs 308404 Specdb::MsMs 308405 Specdb::MsMs 308406 Specdb::MsMs 352570 Specdb::MsMs 352571 Specdb::MsMs 352572 Specdb::MsMs 445349 Specdb::MsMs 445350 Specdb::MsMs 445830 Specdb::MsMs 445831 Specdb::MsMs 445832 Specdb::MsMs 445833 Specdb::MsMs 445834 Specdb::MsMs 447315 Specdb::MsMs 447324 Adipose Tissue Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Adrenal Cortex Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Adrenal Gland Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Bladder Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Blood Detected by NMR in lactating Holstein cows. Tian H, Wang W, Zheng N, Cheng J, Li S, Zhang Y, Wang J: Identification of diagnostic biomarkers and metabolic pathway shifts of heat-stressed lactating dairy cows. J Proteomics. 2015 Jul 1;125:17-28. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.04.014. Epub 2015 Apr 22. 25913299 Blood Jiyuan Li, Everestus C. Akanno, Tiago Valente, Mohammed Abo-Ismail, Brian Karisa, Zhiquan Wang, Graham S. Plastow. Genomic heritability and genome-wide association studies of plasma metabolites in crossbred beef cattle. (in preparation) Blood 13.7-25.5 uM By LC-MS/MS Artegoitia VM, Middleton JL, Harte FM, Campagna SR, de Veth MJ: Choline and choline metabolite patterns and associations in blood and milk during lactation in dairy cows. PLoS One. 2014 Aug 26;9(8):e103412. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103412. eCollection 2014. 25157578 Blood 169 +/- 31 uM By LC-MS/MS & NMR Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 Blood Detected by NMR De Buck J, Shaykhutdinov R, Barkema HW, Vogel HJ: Metabolomic profiling in cattle experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. PLoS One. 2014 Nov 5;9(11):e111872. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111872. eCollection 2014. 25372282 Blood Detected by NMR. Samples have been collected from 22 clinically normal, 6-12 month old Holstein–Friesian heifers and stored at -20 °C for between 2 and 15 years. Trabi M, Keller MD, Johnsson NN. NMR-based metabonomics of bovine blood: an investigation into the effects of long term storage on plasma samples. Metabolomics (2013) 9:1041-1047 doi: 10.1007/s11306-013-0520-2 Colostrum Detected by NMR Zanardi E, Caligiani A, Palla L, Mariani M, Ghidini S, Di Ciccio PA, Palla G, Ianieri A: Metabolic profiling by (1)H NMR of ground beef irradiated at different irradiation doses. Meat Sci. 2015 May;103:83-9. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.01.005. Epub 2015 Jan 15. 25637742 Epidermis Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Fibroblasts Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Intestine Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Kidney Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Liver 358 +/- 93 nmol/g of tissue By LC-MS/MS & NMR Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 Liver Metabolomics analysis was performed using GC-MS/LC-MS in multiparous Holstein dairy cows Shahzad K, Lopreiato V, Liang Y, Trevisi E, Osorio JS, Xu C, Loor JJ: Hepatic metabolomics and transcriptomics to study susceptibility to ketosis in response to prepartal nutritional management. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2019 Dec 18;10:96. doi: 10.1186/s40104-019-0404-z. eCollection 2019. 31867104 Longissimus Thoracis Muscle 1321 +/- 351 nmol/g of tissue By LC-MS/MS & NMR Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 Milk 459 - 1410 uM Klein MS, Almstetter MF, Schlamberger G, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Oefner PJ, Meyer HH, Wiedemann S, Gronwald W: Nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry-based milk metabolomics in dairy cows during early and late lactation. J Dairy Sci. 2010 Apr;93(4):1539-50. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2563. 20338431 Milk 73 +/- 5 uM 1% milk by NMR Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 81 +/- 4 uM 2% milk by NMR Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 79 +/- 4 uM 3.25% milk by NMR Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 71 +/- 5 uM Skim milk by NMR Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 72.22 +/- 16.17 uM Raw milk metabolite measured during mid-lactation from cows fed diets consisting of perennial ryegrass (GRS), by 1H-NMR O'Callaghan TF, Vazquez-Fresno R, Serra-Cayuela A, Dong E, Mandal R, Hennessy D, McAuliffe S, Dillon P, Wishart DS, Stanton C, Ross RP: Pasture Feeding Changes the Bovine Rumen and Milk Metabolome. Metabolites. 2018 Apr 6;8(2). pii: metabo8020027. doi: 10.3390/metabo8020027. 29642378 Milk 64.41 +/- 31.44 uM Raw milk metabolite measured during mid-lactation from cows fed diets consisting of perennial ryegrass and white clover (CLV), by 1H-NMR O'Callaghan TF, Vazquez-Fresno R, Serra-Cayuela A, Dong E, Mandal R, Hennessy D, McAuliffe S, Dillon P, Wishart DS, Stanton C, Ross RP: Pasture Feeding Changes the Bovine Rumen and Milk Metabolome. Metabolites. 2018 Apr 6;8(2). pii: metabo8020027. doi: 10.3390/metabo8020027. 29642378 Milk 90.15 +/- 25.33 uM Raw milk metabolite measured during mid-lactation from cows fed diets consisting of total mixed ration (TMR), by 1H-NMR O'Callaghan TF, Vazquez-Fresno R, Serra-Cayuela A, Dong E, Mandal R, Hennessy D, McAuliffe S, Dillon P, Wishart DS, Stanton C, Ross RP: Pasture Feeding Changes the Bovine Rumen and Milk Metabolome. Metabolites. 2018 Apr 6;8(2). pii: metabo8020027. doi: 10.3390/metabo8020027. 29642378 Muscle 1477-1826 nmol/g of tissue By CE-TOFMS Muroya S, Oe M, Ojima K, Watanabe A: Metabolomic approach to key metabolites characterizing postmortem aged loin muscle of Japanese Black (Wagyu) cattle. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2019 Aug;32(8):1172-1185. doi: 10.5713/ajas.18.0648. Epub 2019 Jan 4. 30744349 Muscle Detected by NMR Zanardi E, Caligiani A, Palla L, Mariani M, Ghidini S, Di Ciccio PA, Palla G, Ianieri A: Metabolic profiling by (1)H NMR of ground beef irradiated at different irradiation doses. Meat Sci. 2015 May;103:83-9. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.01.005. Epub 2015 Jan 15. 25637742 Muscle 315.07 +/- 23.69 uM Detected by NMR in US commercial beef sirloin Jung Y, Lee J, Kwon J, Lee KS, Ryu DH, Hwang GS: Discrimination of the geographical origin of beef by (1)H NMR-based metabolomics. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Oct 13;58(19):10458-66. doi: 10.1021/jf102194t. 20831251 Muscle 345.85 +/- 38.4 uM Detected by NMR in Australian commercial beef sirloin. Jung Y, Lee J, Kwon J, Lee KS, Ryu DH, Hwang GS: Discrimination of the geographical origin of beef by (1)H NMR-based metabolomics. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Oct 13;58(19):10458-66. doi: 10.1021/jf102194t. 20831251 Muscle 375.31 +/- 38.29 uM Detected by NMR in Korean commercial beef sirloin. Jung Y, Lee J, Kwon J, Lee KS, Ryu DH, Hwang GS: Discrimination of the geographical origin of beef by (1)H NMR-based metabolomics. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Oct 13;58(19):10458-66. doi: 10.1021/jf102194t. 20831251 Muscle 292-487 nmol/g of tissue By NMR Jung Y, Lee J, Kwon J, Lee KS, Ryu DH, Hwang GS: Discrimination of the geographical origin of beef by (1)H NMR-based metabolomics. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Oct 13;58(19):10458-66. doi: 10.1021/jf102194t. 20831251 Muscle 456.74 +/- 30.58 uM Detected by NMR in New Zealand commercial beef sirloin. Jung Y, Lee J, Kwon J, Lee KS, Ryu DH, Hwang GS: Discrimination of the geographical origin of beef by (1)H NMR-based metabolomics. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Oct 13;58(19):10458-66. doi: 10.1021/jf102194t. 20831251 Muscle 590 nmol/g of tissue By NMR Kim YH, Kemp R, Samuelsson LM: Effects of dry-aging on meat quality attributes and metabolite profiles of beef loins. Meat Sci. 2016 Jan;111:168-76. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.09.008. Epub 2015 Sep 26. 26437054 Muscle 67-111 nmol/g of tissue By NMR Kodani Y, Miyakawa T, Komatsu T, Tanokura M: NMR-based metabolomics for simultaneously evaluating multiple determinants of primary beef quality in Japanese Black cattle. Sci Rep. 2017 May 2;7(1):1297. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01272-8. 28465593 Ovary Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Pancreas Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Placenta Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Platelet Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Prostate Tissue Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Ruminal Fluid 2-17 uM By NMR O'Callaghan TF, Vazquez-Fresno R, Serra-Cayuela A, Dong E, Mandal R, Hennessy D, McAuliffe S, Dillon P, Wishart DS, Stanton C, Ross RP: Pasture Feeding Changes the Bovine Rumen and Milk Metabolome. Metabolites. 2018 Apr 6;8(2). pii: metabo8020027. doi: 10.3390/metabo8020027. 29642378 Ruminal Fluid 15 +/- 40 uM By LC-MS/MS Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 Semimembranosus Muscle 1139 +/- 246 nmol/g of tissue By LC-MS/MS & NMR Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 Spleen Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Testis 564 +/- 134 nmol/g of tissue By LC-MS/MS & NMR Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 C00719 DB06756 FDB009020 242 247 17750 C00007291 BETAINE Trimethylglycine 35786 287 Mu, Yun; Guo, Xiao-hui. Improved process for preparation of betaine. Huaxue Yu Shengwu Gongcheng (2005), 22(7), 48-49. Klein MS, Almstetter MF, Schlamberger G, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Oefner PJ, Meyer HH, Wiedemann S, Gronwald W: Nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry-based milk metabolomics in dairy cows during early and late lactation. J Dairy Sci. 2010 Apr;93(4):1539-50. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2563. 20338431 O'Callaghan TF, Vazquez-Fresno R, Serra-Cayuela A, Dong E, Mandal R, Hennessy D, McAuliffe S, Dillon P, Wishart DS, Stanton C, Ross RP: Pasture Feeding Changes the Bovine Rumen and Milk Metabolome. Metabolites. 2018 Apr 6;8(2). pii: metabo8020027. doi: 10.3390/metabo8020027. 29642378 A. Foroutan et al. The Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk (in preparation) BMDBP00954 Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase Q2KJC9 ALDH7A1 Enzyme BMDBP01057 Betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1 Q5I597 BHMT Enzyme BMDBP02875 Choline dehydrogenase E1BES2 CHDH Enzyme