1.0 2016-09-30 22:19:49 UTC 2020-06-04 21:34:49 UTC BMDB0000122 BMDB00122 D-Glucose D-Glucose, also known as D-GLC or cerelose, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hexoses. These are monosaccharides in which the sugar unit is a is a six-carbon containing moeity. D-Glucose exists as a solid, possibly soluble (in water), and an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa) molecule. D-Glucose exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In cattle, D-glucose is involved in the metabolic pathway called the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway. D-Glucose is a potentially toxic compound. D-Glucose has been found to be associated with several diseases known as hypoglycemia, familial neonatal, donohue syndrome, and pregnancy; also d-glucose has been linked to several inborn metabolic disorders including 3-methyl-crotonyl-glycinuria and growth hormone deficiency. D-GLC D-GLCP Dextrose GLC-OH Glucose Grape sugar WURCS=2.0/1,1,0/[a2122h-1x_1-5]/1/ Purified glucose D-Glucopyranose Roferose ST (+)-Glucose Anhydrous dextrose Cerelose Cerelose 2001 Clearsweet 95 Clintose L Corn sugar CPC Hydrate D(+)-Glucose Dextropur Dextrosol Glucodin Glucolin Goldsugar Meritose Staleydex 111 Staleydex 95m Tabfine 097(HS) Vadex D Glucose Glucose, (DL)-isomer Glucose, (L)-isomer Glucose, (beta-D)-isomer Glucose monohydrate Glucose, (alpha-D)-isomer L Glucose L-Glucose Dextrose, anhydrous Monohydrate, glucose C6H12O6 180.1559 180.063388116 (3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol glucose 2280-44-6 [H]C1(O)O[C@]([H])(CO)[C@@]([H])(O)[C@]([H])(O)[C@@]1([H])O InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2-,3-,4+,5-,6?/m1/s1 WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hexoses. These are monosaccharides in which the sugar unit is a is a six-carbon containing moeity. Organic compounds Organic oxygen compounds Organooxygen compounds Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates Hexoses Hemiacetals Hydrocarbon derivatives Oxacyclic compounds Oxanes Polyols Primary alcohols Secondary alcohols Alcohol Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound Hemiacetal Hexose monosaccharide Hydrocarbon derivative Organoheterocyclic compound Oxacycle Oxane Polyol Primary alcohol Secondary alcohol Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds Aldoses D-glucose glucopyranose Solid melting_point 146 - 150 °C water_solubility 1200.0 mg/mL logp -3.24 SANGSTER (1994) logp -2.57 ALOGPS logs 0.64 ALOGPS logp -2.9 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 11.3 ChemAxon pka_strongest_basic -3 ChemAxon iupac (3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol ChemAxon average_mass 180.1559 ChemAxon mono_mass 180.063388116 ChemAxon smiles [H]C1(O)O[C@]([H])(CO)[C@@]([H])(O)[C@]([H])(O)[C@@]1([H])O ChemAxon formula C6H12O6 ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2-,3-,4+,5-,6?/m1/s1 ChemAxon inchikey WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 110.38 ChemAxon refractivity 35.92 ChemAxon polarizability 16.37 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 1 ChemAxon acceptor_count 6 ChemAxon donor_count 5 ChemAxon physiological_charge 0 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon number_of_rings 1 ChemAxon bioavailability 1 ChemAxon rule_of_five Yes ChemAxon ghose_filter Yes ChemAxon veber_rule Yes ChemAxon mddr_like_rule Yes ChemAxon Galactose Metabolism SMP0087225 Gluconeogenesis SMP0087223 Glucose-Alanine Cycle SMP0087221 Glycolysis SMP0087222 Growth Hormone Signaling Pathway SMP0120923 Insulin Signalling SMP0108189 Lactose Degradation SMP0087253 Lactose Synthesis SMP0087229 Pancreas Function SMP0119380 Transfer of Acetyl Groups into Mitochondria SMP0087254 Warburg Effect SMP0087270 Specdb::NmrOneD 1093 Specdb::NmrOneD 1152 Specdb::CMs 334 Specdb::CMs 335 Specdb::CMs 336 Specdb::CMs 337 Specdb::CMs 1428 Specdb::CMs 1598 Specdb::CMs 1601 Specdb::CMs 1632 Specdb::CMs 1707 Specdb::CMs 2406 Specdb::CMs 30344 Specdb::CMs 30345 Specdb::CMs 30766 Specdb::CMs 30767 Specdb::CMs 31005 Specdb::CMs 31006 Specdb::CMs 31007 Specdb::CMs 31008 Specdb::CMs 31009 Specdb::CMs 37304 Specdb::NmrTwoD 1151 Specdb::MsMs 177 Specdb::MsMs 178 Specdb::MsMs 179 Specdb::MsMs 2913 Specdb::MsMs 2914 Specdb::MsMs 2915 Specdb::MsMs 2916 Specdb::MsMs 2917 Specdb::MsMs 178080 Specdb::MsMs 178081 Specdb::MsMs 178082 Specdb::MsMs 180393 Specdb::MsMs 180394 Specdb::MsMs 180395 Specdb::MsMs 437657 Specdb::MsMs 437658 Specdb::MsMs 437659 Specdb::MsMs 437660 Specdb::MsMs 437661 Specdb::MsMs 3609526 Specdb::MsMs 3609527 Specdb::MsMs 3609528 Specdb::MsMs 3610429 Specdb::MsMs 3610430 Specdb::MsMs 3610431 Adipose Tissue Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Adrenal Cortex Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Adrenal Gland Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Adrenal Medulla Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Bladder Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Blood Detected by NMR Tian H, Wang W, Zheng N, Cheng J, Li S, Zhang Y, Wang J: Identification of diagnostic biomarkers and metabolic pathway shifts of heat-stressed lactating dairy cows. J Proteomics. 2015 Jul 1;125:17-28. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.04.014. Epub 2015 Apr 22. 25913299 Blood 2941.896 +/- 253.114 uM Detected by Spectrometry (Autoanalyzer/BT3000 Plus) Abdullah BASOGLU, Nuri BASPINAR, Alparslan COSKUN. NMR-based metabolomic evaluation in dairy cows with displaced abomasum. Turk J Vet Anim Sci (2014) 38(3):325-330 Blood 5550 uM Detected by Dacos Chemistry Analyzer in Hereford cows Early RJ, McBride BW, Ball RO: Growth and metabolism in somatotropin-treated steers: I. Growth, serum chemistry and carcass weights. J Anim Sci. 1990 Dec;68(12):4134-43. doi: 10.2527/1990.68124134x. 2286555 Blood Jiyuan Li, Everestus C. Akanno, Tiago Valente, Mohammed Abo-Ismail, Brian Karisa, Zhiquan Wang, Graham S. Plastow. Genomic heritability and genome-wide association studies of plasma metabolites in crossbred beef cattle. (in preparation) Blood Detected by LC-MS and NMR in Angus-Hereford cows. Aich P, Babiuk LA, Potter AA, Griebel P: Biomarkers for prediction of bovine respiratory disease outcome. OMICS. 2009 Jun;13(3):199-209. doi: 10.1089/omi.2009.0012. 19275474 Blood 3840-4610 uM Cobas c311 chemistry analyzer Consolo NRB, Munro JC, Bourgon SL, Karrow NA, Fredeen AH, Martell JE, Montanholi YR: Associations of Blood Analysis with Feed Efficiency and Developmental Stage in Grass-Fed Beef Heifers. Animals (Basel). 2018 Aug 2;8(8). pii: ani8080133. doi: 10.3390/ani8080133. 30072590 Blood 4196.365 +/- 505.118 uM Detected by Trinder (1969) method C. R. E. Cogginsa and A. C. Field. Diurnal variation in the chemical composition of plasma from lactating beef cows on three dietary energy intakes. J. agric. Sri., Camb. (1976), 86, 595-602 Blood 2800-4600 uM Randox GL364 kit Hernandez-Castellano LE, Hernandez LL, Weaver S, Bruckmaier RM: Increased serum serotonin improves parturient calcium homeostasis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2017 Feb;100(2):1580-1587. doi: 10.3168/jds.2016-11638. Epub 2016 Dec 14. 27988124 Blood 2150-2180 uM Cobas c311/501 chemistry analyzer Macdonald AGC, Bourgon SL, Palme R, Miller SP, Montanholi YR: Evaluation of blood metabolites reflects presence or absence of liver abscesses in beef cattle. Vet Rec Open. 2017 Apr 1;4(1):e000170. doi: 10.1136/vetreco-2016-000170. eCollection 2017. 28890789 Blood 3962 +/- 443 uM By LC-MS/MS & NMR Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 Blood 3290-4070 uM Membrane-immobilized enzyme with YSI 7100 MBS select biochemistry analyzer Raun BM, Kristensen NB: Metabolic effects of feeding ethanol or propanol to postpartum transition Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci. 2011 May;94(5):2566-80. doi: 10.3168/jds.2010-3999. 21524548 Blood 4013.191 uM 1200 ml pomegranate peel extract/cow per day M.J. Abarghuei, Y. Rouzbehan, A.Z.M Salem, M.J. Zamiri. Nitrogen balance, blood metabolites and milk fatty acid composition of dairy cows fed pomegranate-peel extract. Livestock Science (2014) 164:72-80 doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.03.021 Blood 3807.813 uM 400 ml pomegranate peel extract/cow per day M.J. Abarghuei, Y. Rouzbehan, A.Z.M Salem, M.J. Zamiri. Nitrogen balance, blood metabolites and milk fatty acid composition of dairy cows fed pomegranate-peel extract. Livestock Science (2014) 164:72-80 doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.03.021 Blood 4213.0177 uM 800 ml pomegranate peel extract/cow per day M.J. Abarghuei, Y. Rouzbehan, A.Z.M Salem, M.J. Zamiri. Nitrogen balance, blood metabolites and milk fatty acid composition of dairy cows fed pomegranate-peel extract. Livestock Science (2014) 164:72-80 doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.03.021 Blood 3560-3680 uM Glucose-B test kit (Wako Pure Chemical) Sato H, Matsumoto M, Hanasaka S: Relations between plasma acetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, FFA, glucose levels and energy nutrition in lactating dairy cows. J Vet Med Sci. 1999 May;61(5):447-51. doi: 10.1292/jvms.61.447. 10379932 Blood 2600-3870 uM Glucose OSR6222 with Beckman-Olympus AU 600 chemistry analyzer Liker B., L. Bačar-Huskić, M. Knežević, V. Rupić, N. Vranešić, Ž. Romić, D. Grbeša, D. Mačešić, J. Leto, Z. Antunović, Ž. Krnić. 2005. Blood metabolites and haematological indices of pregnant beef cows fed rumen-protected methionine. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 14(4):625–638 Blood Detected by NMR De Buck J, Shaykhutdinov R, Barkema HW, Vogel HJ: Metabolomic profiling in cattle experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. PLoS One. 2014 Nov 5;9(11):e111872. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111872. eCollection 2014. 25372282 Blood Detected by NMR. Samples have been collected from 22 clinically normal, 6-12 month old Holstein–Friesian heifers and stored at -20 °C for between 2 and 15 years. Trabi M, Keller MD, Johnsson NN. NMR-based metabonomics of bovine blood: an investigation into the effects of long term storage on plasma samples. Metabolomics (2013) 9:1041-1047 doi: 10.1007/s11306-013-0520-2 Blood Detected by NMR. Samples have been collected from 24 male 17-22-month-old Charolais beef cattles. Graham SF, Ruiz-Aracama A, Lommen A, Cannizzo FT, Biolatti B, Elliott CT, Mooney MH: Use of NMR metabolomic plasma profiling methodologies to identify illicit growth-promoting administrations. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2012 Apr;403(2):573-82. doi: 10.1007/s00216-012-5815-z. Epub 2012 Feb 28. 22370585 Brain Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Epidermis Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Eye Lens Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Fibroblasts Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Intestine Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Kidney Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Liver 8 multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows fed in the Hangzhou Hangjiang Dairy Farm based on the milk production under corn stover based diets. Detection used gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) platform. Sun HZ, Zhou M, Wang O, Chen Y, Liu JX, Guan LL: Multi-omics reveals functional genomic and metabolic mechanisms of milk production and quality in dairy cows. Bioinformatics. 2020 Apr 15;36(8):2530-2537. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz951. 31873721 Liver 8 multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows fed in the Hangzhou Hangjiang Dairy Farm based on the milk production under alfalfa hay based diets. Detection used gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) platform. Sun HZ, Zhou M, Wang O, Chen Y, Liu JX, Guan LL: Multi-omics reveals functional genomic and metabolic mechanisms of milk production and quality in dairy cows. Bioinformatics. 2020 Apr 15;36(8):2530-2537. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz951. 31873721 Liver 80098 +/- 14629 nmol/g of tissue By LC-MS/MS & NMR Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 Liver Metabolomics analysis was performed using GC-MS/LC-MS in multiparous Holstein dairy cows Shahzad K, Lopreiato V, Liang Y, Trevisi E, Osorio JS, Xu C, Loor JJ: Hepatic metabolomics and transcriptomics to study susceptibility to ketosis in response to prepartal nutritional management. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2019 Dec 18;10:96. doi: 10.1186/s40104-019-0404-z. eCollection 2019. 31867104 Longissimus Thoracis Muscle 536 +/- 259 nmol/g of tissue By LC-MS/MS & NMR Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 Lung Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Mammary Gland 8 multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows fed in the Hangzhou Hangjiang Dairy Farm based on the milk production under corn stover based diets. Detection used gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) platform. Sun HZ, Zhou M, Wang O, Chen Y, Liu JX, Guan LL: Multi-omics reveals functional genomic and metabolic mechanisms of milk production and quality in dairy cows. Bioinformatics. 2020 Apr 15;36(8):2530-2537. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz951. 31873721 Mammary Gland 8 multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows fed in the Hangzhou Hangjiang Dairy Farm based on the milk production under alfalfa hay based diets. Detection used gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) platform. Sun HZ, Zhou M, Wang O, Chen Y, Liu JX, Guan LL: Multi-omics reveals functional genomic and metabolic mechanisms of milk production and quality in dairy cows. Bioinformatics. 2020 Apr 15;36(8):2530-2537. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz951. 31873721 Milk 76 - 662 uM Klein MS, Almstetter MF, Schlamberger G, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Oefner PJ, Meyer HH, Wiedemann S, Gronwald W: Nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry-based milk metabolomics in dairy cows during early and late lactation. J Dairy Sci. 2010 Apr;93(4):1539-50. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2563. 20338431 Milk 62.723 uM Jensen RG: The composition of bovine milk lipids: January 1995 to December 2000. J Dairy Sci. 2002 Feb;85(2):295-350. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74079-4. 11913692 Milk 376 uM Raw milk Faulkner A, Pollock HT: Changes in the concentration of metabolites in milk from cows fed on diets supplemented with soyabean oil or fatty acids. J Dairy Res. 1989 May;56(2):179-83. 2760296 Milk Commercial, conventional whole milk Kurt J. Boudonck, Matthew W. Mitchell, Jacob Wulff, John A. Ryals. Characterization of the biochemical variability of bovine milk using metabolomics. Metabolomics (2009) 5:375-386 doi: 10.1007/s11306-009-0160-8 Milk 723 uM Raw milk Hurtaud C, Rulquin H, Verite R: Effects of graded duodenal infusions of glucose on yield and composition of milk from dairy cows. 1. Diets based on corn silage. J Dairy Sci. 1998 Dec;81(12):3239-47. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75888-6. 9891269 Milk Detected but not quantified in conventional whole milk Kurt J. Boudonck, Matthew W. Mitchell, Jacob Wulff and John A. Ryals. Characterization of the biochemical variability of bovine milk using metabolomics. Metabolomics (2009) 5:375?386 Milk 540 uM Raw milk Hurtaud C, Lemosquet S, Rulquin H: Effect of graded duodenal infusions of glucose on yield and composition of milk from dairy cows. 2. Diets based on grass silage. J Dairy Sci. 2000 Dec;83(12):2952-62. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75195-2. 11132867 Milk 548 uM Raw milk Hurtaud C, Lemosquet S, Rulquin H: Effect of graded duodenal infusions of glucose on yield and composition of milk from dairy cows. 2. Diets based on grass silage. J Dairy Sci. 2000 Dec;83(12):2952-62. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75195-2. 11132867 Milk 340.62 +/- 65.95 uM Raw milk metabolite measured during mid-lactation from cows fed diets consisting of perennial ryegrass (GRS), by 1H-NMR O'Callaghan TF, Vazquez-Fresno R, Serra-Cayuela A, Dong E, Mandal R, Hennessy D, McAuliffe S, Dillon P, Wishart DS, Stanton C, Ross RP: Pasture Feeding Changes the Bovine Rumen and Milk Metabolome. Metabolites. 2018 Apr 6;8(2). pii: metabo8020027. doi: 10.3390/metabo8020027. 29642378 Milk 288 +/- 32 uM 1% milk by NMR Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 261 +/- 29 uM 2% milk by NMR Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 277.537 (122.116-421.857) uM Pasteurized whole milk Esperanza Troyano, Mar Villamiel, Agustin Olano, Jesus Sanz, and Isabel Martinez-Castro. Monosaccharides and myo-Inositol in Commercial Milks. J. Agric. Food Chem., 1996, 44 (3), pp 815–817 Milk 235 +/- 49 uM 3.25% milk by NMR Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 250 +/- 41 uM Skim milk by NMR Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 80-150 uM Raw milk Faulkner, A., Chaiybutr, N., Peaker, M., Carrick, D. I. and Kuhn, N. J. Metabolic significance of milk glucose. J. Dairy Res. 1981, 48, 51-56 Milk 932.526 +/- 68.274 uM No milk type was specified in the literature. Assume it was raw milk. RAJAN SHARMA YUDHISHTHIR S RAJPUT POONAM GAURAV DOGRA SUDHIR K TOMAR. Estimation of sugars in milk by HPLC and its application in detection of adulteration of milk with soymilk. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 2009, 62(4):514-519 Milk 139.879 +/- 3.886 uM Whole milk Tommaso R.I. Cataldi, Massimiliano Angelotti, Giuliana Bianco. Determination of mono- and disaccharides in milk and milk products by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Analytica Chimica Acta 485 (2003) 43–49 Milk 250 +/- 41 uM Commercial skim milk Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 288 +/- 32 uM Commercial 1% milk Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 261 +/- 29 uM Commercial 2% milk Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 1137.903 uM Raw milk, multiparous Lehloenya KV, Stein DR, Allen DT, Selk GE, Jones DA, Aleman MM, Rehberger TG, Mertz KJ, Spicer LJ: Effects of feeding yeast and propionibacteria to dairy cows on milk yield and components, and reproduction*. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2008 Apr;92(2):190-202. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00726.x. 18336416 Milk 1187.859 uM Raw milk, primiparous Lehloenya KV, Stein DR, Allen DT, Selk GE, Jones DA, Aleman MM, Rehberger TG, Mertz KJ, Spicer LJ: Effects of feeding yeast and propionibacteria to dairy cows on milk yield and components, and reproduction*. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2008 Apr;92(2):190-202. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00726.x. 18336416 Milk 235 +/- 49 uM Commercial 3.25% milk Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 387.43 +/- 91.21 uM Raw milk metabolite measured during mid-lactation from cows fed diets consisting of perennial ryegrass and white clover (CLV), by 1H-NMR O'Callaghan TF, Vazquez-Fresno R, Serra-Cayuela A, Dong E, Mandal R, Hennessy D, McAuliffe S, Dillon P, Wishart DS, Stanton C, Ross RP: Pasture Feeding Changes the Bovine Rumen and Milk Metabolome. Metabolites. 2018 Apr 6;8(2). pii: metabo8020027. doi: 10.3390/metabo8020027. 29642378 Milk Milk samples collected from 456 Danish Holstein cows Buitenhuis AJ, Sundekilde UK, Poulsen NA, Bertram HC, Larsen LB, Sorensen P: Estimation of genetic parameters and detection of quantitative trait loci for metabolites in Danish Holstein milk. J Dairy Sci. 2013 May;96(5):3285-95. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5914. Epub 2013 Mar 15. 23497994 Milk Whole milk from markets Scano P, Murgia A, Pirisi FM, Caboni P: A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomic approach for the characterization of goat milk compared with cow milk. J Dairy Sci. 2014 Oct;97(10):6057-66. doi: 10.3168/jds.2014-8247. Epub 2014 Aug 6. 25108860 Milk 331.24 +/- 84.17 uM Raw milk metabolite measured during mid-lactation from cows fed diets consisting of total mixed ration (TMR), by 1H-NMR O'Callaghan TF, Vazquez-Fresno R, Serra-Cayuela A, Dong E, Mandal R, Hennessy D, McAuliffe S, Dillon P, Wishart DS, Stanton C, Ross RP: Pasture Feeding Changes the Bovine Rumen and Milk Metabolome. Metabolites. 2018 Apr 6;8(2). pii: metabo8020027. doi: 10.3390/metabo8020027. 29642378 Muscle 6310 +/- 850 nmol/g of tissue Detected by NMR in beef muscle (longissimus dorsi) matured for 14 days. S. F. Graham, T. Kennedy, O. Chevallier, A. Gordon, L. Farmer, C. Elliott, B. Moss. The application of NMR to study changes in polar metabolite concentrations in beef longissimus dorsi stored for different periods post mortem. Metabolomics (2010) 6:395-404 doi: 10.1007/s11306-010-0206-y Muscle 6000 +/- 2470 nmol/g of tissue Detected by NMR in beef muscle (longissimus dorsi) matured for 21 days. S. F. Graham, T. Kennedy, O. Chevallier, A. Gordon, L. Farmer, C. Elliott, B. Moss. The application of NMR to study changes in polar metabolite concentrations in beef longissimus dorsi stored for different periods post mortem. Metabolomics (2010) 6:395-404 doi: 10.1007/s11306-010-0206-y Muscle 5640 +/- 2870 nmol/g of tissue Detected by NMR in beef muscle (longissimus dorsi) matured for 3 days. S. F. Graham, T. Kennedy, O. Chevallier, A. Gordon, L. Farmer, C. Elliott, B. Moss. The application of NMR to study changes in polar metabolite concentrations in beef longissimus dorsi stored for different periods post mortem. Metabolomics (2010) 6:395-404 doi: 10.1007/s11306-010-0206-y Muscle 5590 +/- 2350 nmol/g of tissue Detected by NMR in beef muscle (longissimus dorsi) matured for 7 days. S. F. Graham, T. Kennedy, O. Chevallier, A. Gordon, L. Farmer, C. Elliott, B. Moss. The application of NMR to study changes in polar metabolite concentrations in beef longissimus dorsi stored for different periods post mortem. Metabolomics (2010) 6:395-404 doi: 10.1007/s11306-010-0206-y Muscle 3300 nmol/g of tissue By NMR Kim YH, Kemp R, Samuelsson LM: Effects of dry-aging on meat quality attributes and metabolite profiles of beef loins. Meat Sci. 2016 Jan;111:168-76. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.09.008. Epub 2015 Sep 26. 26437054 Neuron Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Ovary Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Pancreas Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Placenta Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Prostate Tissue Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Ruminal Fluid 66-1138 uM By NMR O'Callaghan TF, Vazquez-Fresno R, Serra-Cayuela A, Dong E, Mandal R, Hennessy D, McAuliffe S, Dillon P, Wishart DS, Stanton C, Ross RP: Pasture Feeding Changes the Bovine Rumen and Milk Metabolome. Metabolites. 2018 Apr 6;8(2). pii: metabo8020027. doi: 10.3390/metabo8020027. 29642378 Ruminal Fluid 400 uM Detected by NMR in mid-lactating primiparous Holstein cows. Zhao S, Zhao J, Bu D, Sun P, Wang J, Dong Z: Metabolomics analysis reveals large effect of roughage types on rumen microbial metabolic profile in dairy cows. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2014 Jul;59(1):79-85. doi: 10.1111/lam.12247. Epub 2014 Apr 4. 24617926 Ruminal Fluid 580 uM By NMR. Primiparous Holstein cows fed barley grains (15% of diet dry matter) Burim NA, Qendrim Z, Fozia S, Psychogios N, Michael JL, Dunn SM, Jianguo X, Wishart DS. Metabolomics reveals unhealthy alterations in rumen metabolism with increased proportion of cereal grain in the diet of dairy cows. Metabolomics. 2010;6(4):583-594 doi: 10.1007/s11306-010-0227-6 Ruminal Fluid 4-18 uM By GC-MS Raun BM, Kristensen NB: Metabolic effects of feeding ethanol or propanol to postpartum transition Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci. 2011 May;94(5):2566-80. doi: 10.3168/jds.2010-3999. 21524548 Ruminal Fluid 720 uM By NMR. Primiparous Holstein cows fed barley grains (30% of diet dry matter) Burim NA, Qendrim Z, Fozia S, Psychogios N, Michael JL, Dunn SM, Jianguo X, Wishart DS. Metabolomics reveals unhealthy alterations in rumen metabolism with increased proportion of cereal grain in the diet of dairy cows. Metabolomics. 2010;6(4):583-594 doi: 10.1007/s11306-010-0227-6 Ruminal Fluid 2090 uM By NMR. Primiparous Holstein cows fed barley grains (45% of diet dry matter) Burim NA, Qendrim Z, Fozia S, Psychogios N, Michael JL, Dunn SM, Jianguo X, Wishart DS. Metabolomics reveals unhealthy alterations in rumen metabolism with increased proportion of cereal grain in the diet of dairy cows. Metabolomics. 2010;6(4):583-594 doi: 10.1007/s11306-010-0227-6 Ruminal Fluid 400 uM By NMR. Primiparous Holstein cows, no barley grains in diet. Burim NA, Qendrim Z, Fozia S, Psychogios N, Michael JL, Dunn SM, Jianguo X, Wishart DS. Metabolomics reveals unhealthy alterations in rumen metabolism with increased proportion of cereal grain in the diet of dairy cows. Metabolomics. 2010;6(4):583-594 doi: 10.1007/s11306-010-0227-6 Ruminal Fluid 15934 +/- 11188 uM By LC-MS/MS & NMR Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 Ruminal Fluid 520.41 +/- 94.97 uM Fozia Saleem, Souhaila Bouatra, An Chi Guo, Nikolaos Psychogios, Rupasri Mandal, Suzanna M. Dunn, Burim N. Ametaj, David S. Wishart. The Bovine Ruminal Fluid Metabolome. Metabolomics (2013) 9:360–378. Ruminal Fluid 763.813 +/- 751.731 uM Fozia Saleem, Souhaila Bouatra, An Chi Guo, Nikolaos Psychogios, Rupasri Mandal, Suzanna M. Dunn, Burim N. Ametaj, David S. Wishart. The Bovine Ruminal Fluid Metabolome. Metabolomics (2013) 9:360–378. Ruminal Fluid 750 uM By NMR. Daily cows fed barley grains (15% of diet dry matter) (n=8) Saleem F, Ametaj BN, Bouatra S, Mandal R, Zebeli Q, Dunn SM, Wishart DS: A metabolomics approach to uncover the effects of grain diets on rumen health in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2012 Nov;95(11):6606-23. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5403. Epub 2012 Sep 7. 22959937 Ruminal Fluid 1100 uM By NMR. Daily cows fed barley grains (30% of diet dry matter) (n=8) Saleem F, Ametaj BN, Bouatra S, Mandal R, Zebeli Q, Dunn SM, Wishart DS: A metabolomics approach to uncover the effects of grain diets on rumen health in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2012 Nov;95(11):6606-23. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5403. Epub 2012 Sep 7. 22959937 Ruminal Fluid 2430 uM By NMR. Daily cows fed barley grains (45% of diet dry matter) (n=8) Saleem F, Ametaj BN, Bouatra S, Mandal R, Zebeli Q, Dunn SM, Wishart DS: A metabolomics approach to uncover the effects of grain diets on rumen health in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2012 Nov;95(11):6606-23. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5403. Epub 2012 Sep 7. 22959937 Ruminal Fluid 520 uM By NMR. No barley grains in diet (n=8) Saleem F, Ametaj BN, Bouatra S, Mandal R, Zebeli Q, Dunn SM, Wishart DS: A metabolomics approach to uncover the effects of grain diets on rumen health in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2012 Nov;95(11):6606-23. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5403. Epub 2012 Sep 7. 22959937 Ruminal Fluid 523 +/- 130 uM Samples have been collected from 8 healthy primiparous Holstein cow fed barley grains (15% of diet dry matter). Fozia Saleem, Souhaila Bouatra, An Chi Guo, Nikolaos Psychogios, Rupasri Mandal, Suzanna M. Dunn, Burim N. Ametaj, David S. Wishart. The Bovine Ruminal Fluid Metabolome. Metabolomics (2013) 9:360–378. Ruminal Fluid 996 +/- 334 uM Samples have been collected from 8 healthy primiparous Holstein cow fed barley grains (30% of diet dry matter). Fozia Saleem, Souhaila Bouatra, An Chi Guo, Nikolaos Psychogios, Rupasri Mandal, Suzanna M. Dunn, Burim N. Ametaj, David S. Wishart. The Bovine Ruminal Fluid Metabolome. Metabolomics (2013) 9:360–378. Ruminal Fluid 1806 +/- 1305 uM Samples have been collected from 8 healthy primiparous Holstein cow fed barley grains (45% of diet dry matter). Fozia Saleem, Souhaila Bouatra, An Chi Guo, Nikolaos Psychogios, Rupasri Mandal, Suzanna M. Dunn, Burim N. Ametaj, David S. Wishart. The Bovine Ruminal Fluid Metabolome. Metabolomics (2013) 9:360–378. Ruminal Fluid 549 +/- 97 uM Samples have been collected from 8 healthy primiparous Holstein cow, no barley grains in diet. Fozia Saleem, Souhaila Bouatra, An Chi Guo, Nikolaos Psychogios, Rupasri Mandal, Suzanna M. Dunn, Burim N. Ametaj, David S. Wishart. The Bovine Ruminal Fluid Metabolome. Metabolomics (2013) 9:360–378. Ruminal Fluid 549 +/- 97 uM Samples have been collected from 8 healthy primiparous Holstein cow, no barley grains in diet. Metabolite measured by NMR and GC-MS Fozia Saleem, Souhaila Bouatra, An Chi Guo, Nikolaos Psychogios, Rupasri Mandal, Suzanna M. Dunn, Burim N. Ametaj, David S. Wishart. The Bovine Ruminal Fluid Metabolome. Metabolomics (2013) 9:360–378. Semimembranosus Muscle 754 +/- 403 nmol/g of tissue By LC-MS/MS & NMR Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 Testis 149 +/- 66 nmol/g of tissue By LC-MS/MS & NMR Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 5589 C00031 FDB093715 5793 C00001122 4167 D-Glucose Glucose Li, Dalin; Ruan, Yi; Song, Wen; Wang, Yongjun. Improved process for producing glucose. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu (2003), 4 pp Faulkner A, Pollock HT: Changes in the concentration of metabolites in milk from cows fed on diets supplemented with soyabean oil or fatty acids. J Dairy Res. 1989 May;56(2):179-83. 2760296 Hurtaud C, Rulquin H, Verite R: Effects of graded duodenal infusions of glucose on yield and composition of milk from dairy cows. 1. Diets based on corn silage. J Dairy Sci. 1998 Dec;81(12):3239-47. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75888-6. 9891269 Hurtaud C, Lemosquet S, Rulquin H: Effect of graded duodenal infusions of glucose on yield and composition of milk from dairy cows. 2. Diets based on grass silage. J Dairy Sci. 2000 Dec;83(12):2952-62. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75195-2. 11132867 Lehloenya KV, Stein DR, Allen DT, Selk GE, Jones DA, Aleman MM, Rehberger TG, Mertz KJ, Spicer LJ: Effects of feeding yeast and propionibacteria to dairy cows on milk yield and components, and reproduction*. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2008 Apr;92(2):190-202. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00726.x. 18336416 Klein MS, Almstetter MF, Schlamberger G, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Oefner PJ, Meyer HH, Wiedemann S, Gronwald W: Nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry-based milk metabolomics in dairy cows during early and late lactation. J Dairy Sci. 2010 Apr;93(4):1539-50. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2563. 20338431 Jensen RG: The composition of bovine milk lipids: January 1995 to December 2000. J Dairy Sci. 2002 Feb;85(2):295-350. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74079-4. 11913692 Buitenhuis AJ, Sundekilde UK, Poulsen NA, Bertram HC, Larsen LB, Sorensen P: Estimation of genetic parameters and detection of quantitative trait loci for metabolites in Danish Holstein milk. J Dairy Sci. 2013 May;96(5):3285-95. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5914. Epub 2013 Mar 15. 23497994 Scano P, Murgia A, Pirisi FM, Caboni P: A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomic approach for the characterization of goat milk compared with cow milk. J Dairy Sci. 2014 Oct;97(10):6057-66. doi: 10.3168/jds.2014-8247. Epub 2014 Aug 6. 25108860 O'Callaghan TF, Vazquez-Fresno R, Serra-Cayuela A, Dong E, Mandal R, Hennessy D, McAuliffe S, Dillon P, Wishart DS, Stanton C, Ross RP: Pasture Feeding Changes the Bovine Rumen and Milk Metabolome. Metabolites. 2018 Apr 6;8(2). pii: metabo8020027. doi: 10.3390/metabo8020027. 29642378 Kurt J. Boudonck, Matthew W. Mitchell, Jacob Wulff and John A. Ryals. Characterization of the biochemical variability of bovine milk using metabolomics. Metabolomics (2009) 5:375?386 A. Foroutan et al. The Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk (in preparation) BMDBP00131 Lysosomal acid glucosylceramidase Q2KHZ8 GBA Enzyme BMDBP00165 Glucose-6-phosphatase Q29RU6 G6PC Enzyme BMDBP00179 Tyrosine-protein kinase A7MB57 YES1 Enzyme BMDBP00604 Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 P08037 B4GALT1 Enzyme BMDBP00912 Hexokinase-1 P27595 HK1 Enzyme BMDBP00913 Kininogen-2 P01045 KNG2 Enzyme BMDBP00914 Alpha-1,3-mannosyl-glycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase A O77836 MGAT4A Enzyme BMDBP00915 Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha P23727 PIK3R1 Enzyme BMDBP00916 AMP-activated protein kinase gamma subunit Q4G3U3 PRKAG3 Enzyme BMDBP00917 RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase Q01314 AKT1 Enzyme BMDBP00918 Kininogen-1 P01044 KNG1 Enzyme BMDBP01304 Alpha-lactalbumin P00711 LALBA Enzyme BMDBP01330 Unconventional myosin-Ic Q27966 MYO1C Enzyme BMDBP01617 Collectin-43 P42916 CL43 Enzyme BMDBP01874 Sodium/myo-inositol cotransporter 2 Q3ZC26 SLC5A11 Enzyme BMDBP01883 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma O18971 PPARG Enzyme BMDBP02025 Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 4 Q27994 SLC2A4 Enzyme BMDBP02034 Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 P27674 SLC2A1 Enzyme BMDBP02036 Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 8 P58354 SLC2A8 Enzyme BMDBP02044 P2Y purinoceptor 14 Q3SX17 P2RY14 Enzyme BMDBP02051 Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 12 Q5J316 SLC2A12 Enzyme BMDBP02056 Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 3 P58352 SLC2A3 Enzyme BMDBP02075 Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 5 P58353 SLC2A5 Enzyme BMDBP02145 Angiopoietin-related protein 4 Q2KJ51 ANGPTL4 Enzyme BMDBP02146 Sorbin and SH3 domain containing 1 Q0VCF1 SORBS1 Enzyme BMDBP02147 Islet amyloid polypeptide Q28207 IAPP Enzyme BMDBP02149 Putative sodium-glucose cotransporter Q9TTR6 sglt1 Enzyme BMDBP02150 Chromogranin-A P05059 CHGA Enzyme BMDBP02151 Solute carrier family 2 (Facilitated glucose transporter), member 3 A2VDL2 SLC2A3 Enzyme BMDBP02152 Solute carrier family 2 (Facilitated glucose transporter), member 6 A1L502 SLC2A6 Enzyme BMDBP02153 Glucagon P01272 GCG Enzyme BMDBP02154 Solute carrier family 5 member 1 A5HNF2 SLC5A1 Enzyme BMDBP02155 Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha Q9XTA5 HIF1A Enzyme BMDBP02156 Multifunctional fusion protein Q5MAC0 IL1B Enzyme BMDBP02157 Na+/glucose cotransporter Q8MKB7 SGLT1 Enzyme BMDBP02158 Sodium-dependent glucose transporter SGLT-I Q95JG8 Enzyme BMDBP02159 Kruppel-like factor 15 Q6UNK6 Enzyme BMDBP02911 Lactase E1BK89 LCT Enzyme