<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<metabolite>
  <version>1.0</version>
  <creation_date>2016-09-30 22:36:21 UTC</creation_date>
  <update_date>2020-06-04 21:45:59 UTC</update_date>
  <accession>BMDB0000772</accession>
  <secondary_accessions>
    <accession>BMDB00772</accession>
  </secondary_accessions>
  <name>Nonadecanoic acid</name>
  <description>Nonadecanoic acid, also known as N-nonadecanoate or nonadecylate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Nonadecanoic acid exists as a solid, very hydrophobic, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral molecule. Nonadecanoic acid is a potentially toxic compound.</description>
  <synonyms>
    <synonym>19:00</synonym>
    <synonym>C19:0</synonym>
    <synonym>N-Nonadecanoic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>Nonadecylic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>N-Nonadecanoate</synonym>
    <synonym>Nonadecylate</synonym>
    <synonym>Nonadecanoate</synonym>
    <synonym>N-Nonadecylate</synonym>
    <synonym>N-Nonadecylic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>FA(19:0)</synonym>
    <synonym>Nonadecanoic acid</synonym>
  </synonyms>
  <chemical_formula>C19H38O2</chemical_formula>
  <average_molecular_weight>298.5038</average_molecular_weight>
  <monisotopic_moleculate_weight>298.28718046</monisotopic_moleculate_weight>
  <iupac_name>nonadecanoic acid</iupac_name>
  <traditional_iupac>nonadecanoic acid</traditional_iupac>
  <cas_registry_number>646-30-0</cas_registry_number>
  <smiles>CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O</smiles>
  <inchi>InChI=1S/C19H38O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19(20)21/h2-18H2,1H3,(H,20,21)</inchi>
  <inchikey>ISYWECDDZWTKFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N</inchikey>
  <taxonomy>
    <description> belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms.</description>
    <kingdom>Organic compounds</kingdom>
    <super_class>Lipids and lipid-like molecules</super_class>
    <class>Fatty Acyls</class>
    <sub_class>Fatty acids and conjugates</sub_class>
    <direct_parent>Long-chain fatty acids</direct_parent>
    <alternative_parents>
      <alternative_parent>Carbonyl compounds</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Carboxylic acids</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Hydrocarbon derivatives</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Organic oxides</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Straight chain fatty acids</alternative_parent>
    </alternative_parents>
    <substituents>
      <substituent>Aliphatic acyclic compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Carbonyl group</substituent>
      <substituent>Carboxylic acid</substituent>
      <substituent>Carboxylic acid derivative</substituent>
      <substituent>Hydrocarbon derivative</substituent>
      <substituent>Long-chain fatty acid</substituent>
      <substituent>Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic oxide</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic oxygen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Organooxygen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Straight chain fatty acid</substituent>
    </substituents>
    <molecular_framework>Aliphatic acyclic compounds</molecular_framework>
    <external_descriptors>
      <external_descriptor>Straight chain fatty acids</external_descriptor>
      <external_descriptor>Straight chain fatty acids</external_descriptor>
      <external_descriptor>long-chain fatty acid</external_descriptor>
      <external_descriptor>straight-chain saturated fatty acid</external_descriptor>
    </external_descriptors>
  </taxonomy>
  <experimental_properties>
    <state>Solid</state>
    <property>
      <kind>melting_point</kind>
      <value>69.4 °C</value>
      <source/>
    </property>
  </experimental_properties>
  <predicted_properties>
    <property>
      <kind>logp</kind>
      <value>8.42</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>logs</kind>
      <value>-6.64</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>logp</kind>
      <value>7.59</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>pka_strongest_acidic</kind>
      <value>4.95</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>iupac</kind>
      <value>nonadecanoic acid</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>average_mass</kind>
      <value>298.5038</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>mono_mass</kind>
      <value>298.28718046</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>smiles</kind>
      <value>CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>formula</kind>
      <value>C19H38O2</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>inchi</kind>
      <value>InChI=1S/C19H38O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19(20)21/h2-18H2,1H3,(H,20,21)</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>inchikey</kind>
      <value>ISYWECDDZWTKFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>polar_surface_area</kind>
      <value>37.3</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>refractivity</kind>
      <value>90.89</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>polarizability</kind>
      <value>40.78</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>rotatable_bond_count</kind>
      <value>17</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>acceptor_count</kind>
      <value>2</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>donor_count</kind>
      <value>1</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>physiological_charge</kind>
      <value>-1</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>formal_charge</kind>
      <value>0</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>number_of_rings</kind>
      <value>0</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>bioavailability</kind>
      <value>0</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>rule_of_five</kind>
      <value>Yes</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>ghose_filter</kind>
      <value>Yes</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>veber_rule</kind>
      <value>Yes</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>mddr_like_rule</kind>
      <value>Yes</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
  </predicted_properties>
  <pathways>
  </pathways>
  <spectra>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrTwoD</type>
      <spectrum_id>1479</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::EiMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>355</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1931</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>15662</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>31227</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>37756</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>133762</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>141496</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1075501</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>88329</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>88330</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>88331</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>151026</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>151027</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>151028</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2281510</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2281511</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2281512</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>3083836</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>3083837</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>3083838</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>1534</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>2564</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>3261</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>327792</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>327793</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>327794</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>327795</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>327796</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>327797</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>327798</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>327799</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>327800</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>327801</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>327802</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>327803</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>327804</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>327805</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>327806</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>327807</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>327808</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>327809</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>327810</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>327811</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
  </spectra>
  <normal_concentrations>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Adipose Tissue</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value>66.23</concentration_value>
      <concentration_units>nmol/g of tissue</concentration_units>
      <comment>Intramuscular (IMF) fat of beef steers fed red clover silage with flaxseed.</comment>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>C. Mapiye, T.D.Turner, D.C.Rolland, J.A.Basarab, V.S.Baron, T.A.McAllister, H.C. Block, B.Uttaro, J.L.Aalhus, M.E.R.Dugan. Adipose tissue and muscle fatty acid profiles of steers fed red clover silage with and without flaxseed. Livestock Science. 151(2013)11-20.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id/>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Adipose Tissue</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value>91.79</concentration_value>
      <concentration_units>nmol/g of tissue</concentration_units>
      <comment>Intramuscular (IMF) fat of beef steers fed red clover silage without flaxseed.</comment>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>C. Mapiye, T.D.Turner, D.C.Rolland, J.A.Basarab, V.S.Baron, T.A.McAllister, H.C. Block, B.Uttaro, J.L.Aalhus, M.E.R.Dugan. Adipose tissue and muscle fatty acid profiles of steers fed red clover silage with and without flaxseed. Livestock Science. 151(2013)11-20.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id/>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Adipose Tissue</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value>2537.19</concentration_value>
      <concentration_units>nmol/g of tissue</concentration_units>
      <comment>Perirenal (PF) fat of beef steers fed red clover silage with flaxseed.</comment>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>C. Mapiye, T.D.Turner, D.C.Rolland, J.A.Basarab, V.S.Baron, T.A.McAllister, H.C. Block, B.Uttaro, J.L.Aalhus, M.E.R.Dugan. Adipose tissue and muscle fatty acid profiles of steers fed red clover silage with and without flaxseed. Livestock Science. 151(2013)11-20.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id/>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Adipose Tissue</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value>3976.6</concentration_value>
      <concentration_units>nmol/g of tissue</concentration_units>
      <comment>Perirenal (PF) fat of beef steers fed red clover silage without flaxseed.</comment>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>C. Mapiye, T.D.Turner, D.C.Rolland, J.A.Basarab, V.S.Baron, T.A.McAllister, H.C. Block, B.Uttaro, J.L.Aalhus, M.E.R.Dugan. Adipose tissue and muscle fatty acid profiles of steers fed red clover silage with and without flaxseed. Livestock Science. 151(2013)11-20.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id/>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Adipose Tissue</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value>1483.57</concentration_value>
      <concentration_units>nmol/g of tissue</concentration_units>
      <comment>Subcutaneous (SF) fat of beef steers fed red clover silage with flaxseed.</comment>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>C. Mapiye, T.D.Turner, D.C.Rolland, J.A.Basarab, V.S.Baron, T.A.McAllister, H.C. Block, B.Uttaro, J.L.Aalhus, M.E.R.Dugan. Adipose tissue and muscle fatty acid profiles of steers fed red clover silage with and without flaxseed. Livestock Science. 151(2013)11-20.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id/>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Adipose Tissue</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value>1097.61</concentration_value>
      <concentration_units>nmol/g of tissue</concentration_units>
      <comment>Subcutaneous (SF) fat of beef steers fed red clover silage without flaxseed.</comment>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>C. Mapiye, T.D.Turner, D.C.Rolland, J.A.Basarab, V.S.Baron, T.A.McAllister, H.C. Block, B.Uttaro, J.L.Aalhus, M.E.R.Dugan. Adipose tissue and muscle fatty acid profiles of steers fed red clover silage with and without flaxseed. Livestock Science. 151(2013)11-20.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id/>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Adipose Tissue</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value/>
      <concentration_units/>
      <comment>Fatty acid of subcutaneous fat from beef steers. Steers were fed grasshay with flaxseed for 205 days.</comment>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>Petri RM, Mapiye C, Dugan ME, McAllister TA: Subcutaneous adipose fatty acid profiles and related rumen bacterial populations of steers fed red clover or grass hay diets containing flax or sunflower-seed. PLoS One. 2014 Aug 5;9(8):e104167. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104167. eCollection 2014.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id>25093808</pubmed_id>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Adipose Tissue</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value/>
      <concentration_units/>
      <comment>Fatty acid of subcutaneous fat from beef steers. Steers were fed grasshay with sunflower seed for 205 days.</comment>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>Petri RM, Mapiye C, Dugan ME, McAllister TA: Subcutaneous adipose fatty acid profiles and related rumen bacterial populations of steers fed red clover or grass hay diets containing flax or sunflower-seed. PLoS One. 2014 Aug 5;9(8):e104167. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104167. eCollection 2014.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id>25093808</pubmed_id>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Adipose Tissue</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value>7537.59</concentration_value>
      <concentration_units>nmol/g of tissue</concentration_units>
      <comment>Fatty acid of subcutaneous fat. Calf-finished</comment>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>Mapiye C, Turner TD, Basarab JA, Baron VS, Aalhus JL, Dugan ME: Subcutaneous fatty acid composition of steers finished as weanlings or yearlings with and without growth promotants. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2013 Nov 4;4(1):41. doi: 10.1186/2049-1891-4-41.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id>24188642</pubmed_id>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Adipose Tissue</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value>7537.59</concentration_value>
      <concentration_units>nmol/g of tissue</concentration_units>
      <comment>Fatty acid of subcutaneous fat. With growth promoting implants</comment>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>Mapiye C, Turner TD, Basarab JA, Baron VS, Aalhus JL, Dugan ME: Subcutaneous fatty acid composition of steers finished as weanlings or yearlings with and without growth promotants. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2013 Nov 4;4(1):41. doi: 10.1186/2049-1891-4-41.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id>24188642</pubmed_id>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Adipose Tissue</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value>7396.89</concentration_value>
      <concentration_units>nmol/g of tissue</concentration_units>
      <comment>Fatty acid of subcutaneous fat. Without growth promoting implants</comment>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>Mapiye C, Turner TD, Basarab JA, Baron VS, Aalhus JL, Dugan ME: Subcutaneous fatty acid composition of steers finished as weanlings or yearlings with and without growth promotants. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2013 Nov 4;4(1):41. doi: 10.1186/2049-1891-4-41.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id>24188642</pubmed_id>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Adipose Tissue</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value>7477.29</concentration_value>
      <concentration_units>nmol/g of tissue</concentration_units>
      <comment>Fatty acid of subcutaneous fat. Yearling-finished</comment>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>Mapiye C, Turner TD, Basarab JA, Baron VS, Aalhus JL, Dugan ME: Subcutaneous fatty acid composition of steers finished as weanlings or yearlings with and without growth promotants. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2013 Nov 4;4(1):41. doi: 10.1186/2049-1891-4-41.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id>24188642</pubmed_id>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Adipose Tissue</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value/>
      <concentration_units/>
      <comment>Fatty acid of subcutaneous fat from beef steers. Steers were fed red clove silage with flaxseed for 205 days.</comment>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>Petri RM, Mapiye C, Dugan ME, McAllister TA: Subcutaneous adipose fatty acid profiles and related rumen bacterial populations of steers fed red clover or grass hay diets containing flax or sunflower-seed. PLoS One. 2014 Aug 5;9(8):e104167. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104167. eCollection 2014.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id>25093808</pubmed_id>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Adipose Tissue</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value/>
      <concentration_units/>
      <comment>Fatty acid of subcutaneous fat from beef steers. Steers were fed red clove silage with sunflower seed for 205 days.</comment>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>Petri RM, Mapiye C, Dugan ME, McAllister TA: Subcutaneous adipose fatty acid profiles and related rumen bacterial populations of steers fed red clover or grass hay diets containing flax or sunflower-seed. PLoS One. 2014 Aug 5;9(8):e104167. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104167. eCollection 2014.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id>25093808</pubmed_id>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Liver</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value/>
      <concentration_units/>
      <comment>Metabolomics analysis was performed using GC-MS/LC-MS in multiparous Holstein dairy cows</comment>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>Shahzad K, Lopreiato V, Liang Y, Trevisi E, Osorio JS, Xu C, Loor JJ: Hepatic metabolomics and transcriptomics to study susceptibility to ketosis in response to prepartal nutritional management. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2019 Dec 18;10:96. doi: 10.1186/s40104-019-0404-z. eCollection 2019.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id>31867104</pubmed_id>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Milk</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value/>
      <concentration_units/>
      <comment>Raw milk. Meta-Analysis</comment>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>Glasser F, Ferlay A, Chilliard Y: Oilseed lipid supplements and fatty acid composition of cow milk: a meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci. 2008 Dec;91(12):4687-703. doi: 10.3168/jds.2008-0987.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id>19038946</pubmed_id>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Milk</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value/>
      <concentration_units/>
      <comment>Pasteurized milk with 3.9% fat, organic, by GC-FID</comment>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>Trimigno A, Munger L, Picone G, Freiburghaus C, Pimentel G, Vionnet N, Pralong F, Capozzi F, Badertscher R, Vergeres G: GC-MS Based Metabolomics and NMR Spectroscopy Investigation of Food Intake Biomarkers for Milk and Cheese in Serum of Healthy Humans. Metabolites. 2018 Mar 23;8(2). pii: metabo8020026. doi: 10.3390/metabo8020026.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id>29570652</pubmed_id>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Milk</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value/>
      <concentration_units/>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>Jensen RG: The composition of bovine milk lipids: January 1995 to December 2000. J Dairy Sci. 2002 Feb;85(2):295-350. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74079-4.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id>11913692</pubmed_id>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Milk</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value/>
      <concentration_units/>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>GARTON GA: THE COMPOSITION AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF MILK LIPIDS. J Lipid Res. 1963 Jul;4:237-54.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id>14168161</pubmed_id>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Placenta</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value/>
      <concentration_units/>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id>29140435</pubmed_id>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
  </normal_concentrations>
  <foodb_id>FDB004043</foodb_id>
  <drugbank_id/>
  <chemspider_id>12071</chemspider_id>
  <kegg_id>C16535</kegg_id>
  <pdbe_id/>
  <chebi_id>39246</chebi_id>
  <pubchem_compound_id>12591</pubchem_compound_id>
  <knapsack_id>C00053569</knapsack_id>
  <phenol_explorer_compound_id/>
  <meta_cyc_id/>
  <bigg_id/>
  <wikipedia_id>Nonadecylic_acid</wikipedia_id>
  <metlin_id>5738</metlin_id>
  <synthesis_reference>Lee, Donald G.; Lamb, Shannon E.; Chang, Victor S. Carboxylic acids from the oxidation of terminal alkenes by permanganate: nonadecanoic acid. Organic Syntheses (1981), 60 11-14.</synthesis_reference>
  <general_references>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Jensen RG: The composition of bovine milk lipids: January 1995 to December 2000. J Dairy Sci. 2002 Feb;85(2):295-350. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74079-4.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>11913692</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>GARTON GA: THE COMPOSITION AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF MILK LIPIDS. J Lipid Res. 1963 Jul;4:237-54.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>14168161</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Trimigno A, Munger L, Picone G, Freiburghaus C, Pimentel G, Vionnet N, Pralong F, Capozzi F, Badertscher R, Vergeres G: GC-MS Based Metabolomics and NMR Spectroscopy Investigation of Food Intake Biomarkers for Milk and Cheese in Serum of Healthy Humans. Metabolites. 2018 Mar 23;8(2). pii: metabo8020026. doi: 10.3390/metabo8020026.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>29570652</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Glasser F, Ferlay A, Chilliard Y: Oilseed lipid supplements and fatty acid composition of cow milk: a meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci. 2008 Dec;91(12):4687-703. doi: 10.3168/jds.2008-0987.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>19038946</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
  </general_references>
  <protein_associations>
  </protein_associations>
</metabolite>
