Phenotypes

Using mate-pair libraries from one affected and three controls, Charlier et al. (2012) obtained around 3.4Gb of sequence from each animal. Comparison of sequence in the candidate BTA21 region "revealed a 3.3 Kb deletion removing exons 25–27 of the 37 composing the FANCI (Fanconi anemia complementation-group I) gene". Noting that the carrier frequency is far too high (up to 7.4%) to be consistent with a relatively rare autosomal recessive disor...

Whole-genome sequencing of an affected calf and both its parents, followed by filtering of variants, enabled Häfliger et al. (2020) to identify a stop-lost mutation in FGFR3 as the likely causal variant, namely g.116,767,863C>A; NM_174318.3: c.2408G>T; [XM_024992994.1: p.(Ter803Leuext*93), which is "predicted to extend the sequence at the C‐terminal end with 93 additional amino acids". This variant resulted from a de novo mutation in the...

This phene has been renamed from "Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, classic type, 2" to "classical Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (cEDS), COL5A2-related" in OMIA on the basis of the review on human Ehlers-Danlos syndromes by Malfait et al. (2020) [2/6/2022].

Philipp et al. (2011) reported a "dominantly inherited syndrome associated with hypopigmentation, heterochromia irides, colobomatous eyes and bilateral hearing loss . . . in Fleckvieh cattle"

See also: OMIA:001737-9913 : Coat colour, white spotting, KIT-related in Bos taurus (taurine cattle)

This disorder is of particular interest in cattle, because it is one of the few cases in which an embryonic lethal has been identified. (By their very nature, embryonic lethals are difficult to identify; their only manifestation is a return to service.) To date, the only known cause of this disorder in cattle is a nonsense mutation in codon 405 of the UMPS gene, resulting in a complete deficiency of functional UMPS (Schwenger et al., 1993). Si...

Having access to tissue from just a single affected calf and its normal parents, and having noted the calf's resemblance to disorders in humans (see OMIM links above) and various animal species (including horse {OMIA 000214-9796, OMIA 001688-9796}, cattle {OMIA 000214-9913, OMIA 001680-9913, OMIA 001931-9913}, and dog {OMIA 000214-9615}) due to mutations in the MITF gene, Wiedemar and Drögemüller (2014) sequenced "all exons of the MITF gene in...

Agerholm et al. (2017): "whole genome sequencing of a case-parent trio revealed two de novo variants perfectly associated with the disease: an intronic SNP in the DMBT1 gene and a single non-synonymous variant in the FGFR2 gene. This FGFR2 missense variant (c.927G>T) affects a gene encoding a member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor family, where amino acid sequence is highly conserved between members and across species. It is predic...

In a conference abstract, Haton et al. (2000) reported that, by cloning and sequencing a very likely comparative candidate gene (based on the homologous human disorder), they had identified a 76-bp insertion in exon 12 of the Factor XI gene as being causative of Factor XI deficiency in Holstein cattle. This discovery was fully described by Marron et al. (2004) who explained that "This insertion introduces a stop codon that results in a mature ...

Using inferred haplotypes from the 1000-bull-genomes project, Hayes et al. (2013) announced the discovery of the likely HH3 causal mutation. Using exome capture and next-gen sequencing, McClure et al. (2014) confirmed and validated Hayes et al. (2013)'s causal mutation mutation as "a non-synonymous SNP (T/C) within exon 24 of the Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes 2 (SMC2) on Chromosome 8 at position 95,410,507 (UMD3.1). This polymorphism ...

For eight of the nine haplotypes with a significant effect on calving rate (see Mapping section), Fritz et al. (2013) searched for causal mutations via whole-genome sequence data from 25 Holstein, 11 Montbéliarde and nine Normande bulls which had made major contributions to their breed. Specifically, they filtered "for mutations that were (a) located at+or –6 Mb from the detected haplotype (b) carried in the heterozygous state by the carrier b...

[FN thanks Ekkehard Schütz for feedback on an earlier version of the text on this page]

Within the mapped candidate region (see Mapping section), Fritz et al. (2018) identified a likely causal variant as "an A-to-G transition at position 29,773,628 bp on chromosome 16 (g.29773628A>G; rs434666183)". The authors explained that "This A-to-G transition changes the initiator ATG (methionine) codon to ACG because the gene is transcribed on the reverse strand. . . . Initiation of translation at the closest in-frame Met codon would tr...

Hozé et al. (2020) reported a likely causal variant for the new HH7 haplotype as being "a 4-bp deletion (Chr27 g.14168130_14168133delTACT) that affects a highly conserved region among mammals".

Zhang et al. (2019): "Normally IH begins with a small and painless protrusion of the interdigital skin which sometimes can already be diagnosed at calf age. In the final stage clinical signs of IH are firm tumor like masses found in the interdigital space with skin lesions that can result in deep necrosis and phlegmonous inflammations."